Failed Experiment Records

Works of Russian Scientists

What is a semi-conductor? It's usually made of materials with certain resistance (it is between that of a conductor and a non-conductor). Whims of temperature or the part of dashes also change the resistance.

The word “impurities” stands for the other substances added to the material. The complete mixture characterizes the semiconductors as diodes of type-n or type-t.

They manufacture diodes as well as transistors combining these kinds of semiconductors. Now silicon is eventually turning into the most wide spread material for producing semi-conductors.

Semiconductor substance is necessary to produce diodes that are good for putting the flow of electrical current simply in one sense. In every diode there is a layer created of positive and negative elements (written as p- and n-) and of barrier level (pn-transfer). Electrical schemes that change among alternating and direct current are produced with diodes. Just a half of the series or cycle is to pass by as diodes make current go just in a single sense. Rectifier is the word for such a connection.

As for the light diodes known as LED, they are necessary to get light at small voltages avoiding generating heat. Those diodes are used in all types of up-to-date electronic devices including tv sets or audio units specially to signal the idle mode.

The development of thyristors manufactures was led by Moore's law. The most important point for making complicated power semiconductor equipment at smaller prices is now lithography. Concerning optical lithography, it eventually gives way to the increase of other techniques as it has met its development limit. Today ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography are considered to be the best substitutes to optical one. One can find more potential variants. For example x-ray lithography and electron beam lithography now.

One more interesting invention was made in Russia. It was the appearance of voltage sensors. Sensors are needed in many devices for lots of purposes. The voltage sensors can be used in either business, industrial or everyday devices. The shape and value of the igbt sensor can change from those small light sensors to complicated counters signaling on radiation loss.

But if the voltage sensor is single it can't function. There are power system programmes supposed for many control operations. They provide the control of scheduled power interchange between the adjacent power systems, mode of circuit breakers in substation and of system properties like voltage, frequency, power flow. The power systems also allow to cope with system alarms and find good action for each.

The dispatchers function correctly in all these occasions if they are provided with a detailed view of the power system. The information is got from several computer consoles in various substations. The specialists of the RTU were the first to work out substation level data acquisition such as status of CB's, fuses holders, isolators and analog values like MVAR, Hz, and more. Russian Federation and China are today the biggest exporters in this sphere.